Reversible passive sentences such as The actor was applauded by the dancer are even more complex and difficult to comprehend, and were only found to be accurately understood by 50 % of tested agrammatic aphasiacs in one study.
12.
These results confirm the PADILIH : reference to the past is discourse linked and, therefore, grammatical morphology used for reference to the past is impaired in agrammatic aphasia, whether this is done through tense and / or aspect markers.
13.
Under this line of thought, the impairment in tense production for agrammatic speakers is currently being approached in different natural languages by means of the study of verb inflection for tense in contrast to agreement ( a morphosyntactic approach ) and also, more recently, by means of the study of time reference ( which, in a sense, should be seen closer to morphosemantics ).
14.
In that same paper she unveiled two possible answers : ( a ) it could be that representations of events in the past are semantically more complex, possibly because there are two time periods of relevance . ( b ) It might also be the case that it is not so much reference to the past as such that is difficult for agrammatic speakers, but to express this reference by verb inflection.
15.
Although Bastiaanse's et al . ( subm . ) conclusions are not as broad as Avruitin's ( 2000 ) and do not strictly look at tense but at time reference, they are supported by several findings : Bastiaanse et al ., ( 2009 ) and Faroqi-Shah & Dickey ( 2009 ) found more problems with verb forms and aspectual adverbs referring to the past in agrammatic aphasic individuals; Jonkers et al ., ( 2007 ) and Faroqi-Shah & Dickey ( 2009 ) reflected longer RTs in non-brain-damaged individuals; and Dragoy et al . ( in preparation ) are about to present an ERP and an RT experiment of tense violations in Dutch where they have found higher error rates and longer reaction times for the violations by a past tense verb in contrast with present tense.
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