Artificial persons addressing themselves to the courts and to bodies discharging judicial or quasi-judicial functions shall do so in the official language, and shall use the official language in pleading before them unless all the parties to the action agree to their pleading in English.
12.
The responsibility for compliance rests on the shoulders of the " controller ", meaning the artificial person, public authority, agency or any other body which alone or jointly with others determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data; ( art . 2 d)
13.
The law relating to companies and to ostensible authority are in reality only a sub-set of the rules relating to apparent authority and the law of agency generally, but because of the prevalence of the issue in relation to corporate law ( companies, being artificial persons, are only ever able to act at all through their human agents ), it has developed its own specific body of case law.
14.
A more thorough definition is given by Kennedy : " A juridic person . . . is an artificial person, distinct from all natural persons or material goods, constituted by competent ecclesiastical authority for an apostolic purpose, with a capacity for continuous existence and with canonical rights and duties like those of a natural person . . . conferred upon it by law or by the authority which constitutes it and to which it is also accountable under canon law ."
15.
It may be an artificial person, a moral person, a judicial person, a legal entity, a faculty, an intangible, invisible being, but, he continued, quoting John Marshall, it certainly is not a citizen . Contesting corporate citizenship as the basis for diversity jurisdiction, Campbell further argued that corporations were not within the contemplation of the framers of the Constitution when they delegated a jurisdiction over controversies between the citizens of different states . The Privileges and Immunities Clause ( Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1 ), in other words, should not extend citizenship to corporations.
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