11. Collected Auger electrons are plotted as a function of energy against the broad secondary electron background spectrum. 12. The internal conversion and Auger electrons cause little damage outside the cell which contains the isotope atom. 13. The photoabsorption can therefore be monitored by direct detection of these Auger electrons to the total photoelectron yield. 14. An outer electron will fill the vacant electron position and produce either a characteristic photon or an Auger electron . 15. Another critical quantity that determines yield of Auger electrons at a detector is the electron impact cross-section. 16. Each decrease in energy produces bremsstrahlung and Auger electrons , which are below the detector's energy threshold. 17. The intensity ratio between the Auger electron and X-ray emissions depends on the atomic number " Z ". 18. Because of the low energy of Auger electrons , most AES setups are run under ultra-high vacuum ( UHV ) conditions. 19. The range of low-energy secondary electrons is sometimes larger than the range of primary photo-electrons or of Auger electrons . 20. The process where Auger electrons are emitted from atoms is used in Auger electron spectroscopy to study the elements on the surface of materials.
