In mating for many animals, the signals and receptors of sexual communication may have evolved simultaneously as the expression of a single gene, instead of the result of selection on two independent genes, one that affects the signaling trait and one that affects the autosomal chromosome.
12.
Although an autosomal chromosome contains genes that are passed down from parents to children via independent assortment from only one of the two parents, genetic recombination ( chromosomal crossover ) mixes genes from non-sister chromatids from both parents during meiosis, thus changing the genetic composition of the chromosome.
13.
"' Sex linkage "'is the autosomal chromosomes both sexes have the same probability of existing ( see Fisher's principle ), but since humans have many more genes on the female X chromosome than on the male Y chromosome, these are much more common than Y-linked traits.
14.
In Boston, USA 55 % of 47, XYY boys ( 6 of 11 ) identified in a newborn screening program had learning difficulties and received part-time resource room help compared to 11 % ( 1 of 9 ) in an above-average-IQ control group of 46, XY boys with familial balanced autosomal chromosome translocations.
15.
No genes are shared between the avian ZW and mammalian XY chromosomes, and, from a comparison between chicken and human, the Z chromosome appeared similar to the autosomal chromosome 9 in humans, rather than X or Y, leading researchers to believe that the ZW and XY sex determination systems do not share an origin, but that the sex chromosomes are derived from autosomal chromosomes of the common ancestor.
16.
No genes are shared between the avian ZW and mammalian XY chromosomes, and, from a comparison between chicken and human, the Z chromosome appeared similar to the autosomal chromosome 9 in humans, rather than X or Y, leading researchers to believe that the ZW and XY sex determination systems do not share an origin, but that the sex chromosomes are derived from autosomal chromosomes of the common ancestor.
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