In both cases the virtual memory range whose contents has been compressed during the paging request is marked inaccessible so that attempts to access compressed pages can trigger page faults and reversal of the process ( retrieval from auxiliary storage and decompression ).
12.
In a virtual memory compression system, paging requests are compressed and stored in physical memory, which is usually random-access memory ( RAM ), or sent as compressed to auxiliary storage such as a hard disk drive ( HDD ) or solid-state drive ( SSD ).
13.
Thus, because of the O ( " n " log " n " ) upper bound on heapsort's running time and constant upper bound on its auxiliary storage, embedded systems with real-time constraints or systems concerned with security often use heapsort, such as the Linux kernel.
14.
A typical strategy for in-place algorithms without auxiliary storage and without separate digit-reversal passes involves small matrix transpositions ( which swap individual pairs of digits ) at intermediate stages, which can be combined with the radix butterflies to reduce the number of passes over the data.
15.
It is possible to modify the algorithm so that it places the items into sorted order within the same array that was given to it as the input, using only the count array as auxiliary storage; however, the modified in-place version of counting sort is not stable.
16.
"Secondary storage " ( also known as external memory or auxiliary storage ), differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU . The computer usually uses its input / output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage.
17.
In circumstances where the amount of free physical memory is low and paging is fairly prevalent, any performance gains provided by the compression system ( compared to paging directly to and from auxiliary storage ) may be offset by an increased page fault rate that leads to thrashing and degraded system performance.
18.
By compressing the first 256 to 512 bytes of a 4 KiB page, this virtual memory compression system determines whether the configured compression level threshold can be achieved for a particular page; if achievable, the rest of the page would be compressed and retained in a compressed cache, and otherwise the page would be sent to auxiliary storage through the normal paging system.
19.
The footprint of the data being paged is reduced by the compression process; in the first instance, the freed RAM is returned to the available physical memory pool, while the compressed portion is kept in RAM . In the second instance, the compressed data is sent to auxiliary storage but the resulting I / O operation is smaller and therefore takes less time.
20.
The main disadvantage of mergesort is that, when operating on arrays, efficient implementations require " O " ( " n " ) auxiliary space, whereas the variant of quicksort with in-place partitioning and tail recursion uses only " O " ( log " n " ) space . ( Note that when operating on linked lists, mergesort only requires a small, constant amount of auxiliary storage .)
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