This vertically stacked sequence thus represents the passive margins of Baltica and Laurentia and intervening island arcs and back-arc basins telescoped together and emplaced on top of the Baltic Shield, involving hundreds of km of shortening.
12.
Although the Baltic Shield is mostly geologically stable and hence resistant to the influences of other neighbouring tectonic formations, the weight of nearly four kilometres of ice during the Ice Ages caused all of the Scandinavian terrain to sink.
13.
The "'Baltic Shield "', sometimes referred to as the "'Fennoscandian Shield "', is located in Fennoscandia ( Norway, Sweden and Finland ), northwest Russia, northern Denmark and under the Baltic Sea.
14.
The bedding sequence begins with the crystalline bedrock of the Baltic Shield, followed by sandstone from the File Hajdar formation, uranium-rich alum shale, limestone, slate and a topmost layer of diabase, known locally as " trapp " ( see deccan traps ).
15.
Geologically, this part of Agder is part of the Swedo-Norwegian Base Mountain Shield, the southwestern section of the Baltic Shield, and consists of two main geological formations of Proterozoic rocks that were formed in the Gothic and later Swedo-Norwegian orogenies, with significant metamorphism during the latter.
16.
Germany is located between the geologically very old ( Precambrian ) East European Craton ( Baltica ) to the north and north-east that further north is exposed as the Baltic Shield, and the geologically young ( Cenozoic ) physiographic regions : the Central European Depression, the Central European Blocks and the Alps.
17.
The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the Baltic Shield ( Fennoscandia ) and the Sarmatian craton, both around 2.25 billion years ago, followed by the Volgo Uralia shield, the three together leading to the East European craton ( H " Baltica ) which became a part of the supercontinent Columbia.
18.
Archaean greenstones are found in the Slave craton, northern Canada, Pilbara craton and Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, Gawler Craton in South Australia, and in the Wyoming Craton in the US . Examples are found in South and Eastern Africa, namely the Kaapvaal craton and also in the cratonic core of Madagascar, as well as West Africa and Brazil, northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula ( see Baltic Shield ).
19.
From NE to SW the Baltic shield consists of the following structural-formational zones : 1 ) the Central Belomorian mafic zone ( CBMZ ) dominantly formed by mafic and ultramafic rocks, 2 ) the Chupa Paragneissic Belt ( ChPB ) composed of deep and repeatedly metamorphosed metagraywackes ( mainly high-alumina gneisses ), 3 ) the North Karelian system of greenstone belts ( NKGB ) dominated by volcanics of calc-alkaline series, and 4 ) the North Karelian diorite-plagiogranitic batholith ( NKB ) and xenoliths of ultramafic to andesite-dacite composition that occur in it.
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