Since the switch to Julian years in the mid-1980s, it has become customary to prefix " B " to Besselian years.
12.
The previous standard equinox ( and epoch ) was B1950.0, with the prefix " B " indicating it was a Besselian epoch.
13.
The right ascension is also prefixed with a " J " ( Julian epoch ) or a " B " ( Besselian Epochs ) used prior to 1993, as in PSR B1257 + 12.
14.
For solar eclipses, the Besselian elements are used to calculate the path of the umbra and penumbra on the Earth's surface, and hence the circumstances of the eclipse at a specific location.
15.
Meeus defines the beginning of a Besselian year to be the moment at which the mean longitude of the Sun, including the effect of aberration and measured from the mean equinox of the date, is exactly 280 degrees.
16.
The basic concept is that Besselian elements describe the movement of the shadow cast by the occulting body for solar eclipses this is the shadow of the Moon on a specifically chosen plane, called the " fundamental plane ".
17.
The definition depended on a particular theory of the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, that of Newcomb ( 1895 ), which is now obsolete; for that reason among others, the use of Besselian years has also become or is becoming obsolete.
18.
A Besselian epoch, named after the German mathematician and astronomer Friedrich Bessel ( 1784 1846 ), is an epoch that is based on a " Besselian year " of 365.242198781 days, which is a tropical year measured at the point where the Sun's longitude is exactly 280?
19.
A Besselian epoch, named after the German mathematician and astronomer Friedrich Bessel ( 1784 1846 ), is an epoch that is based on a " Besselian year " of 365.242198781 days, which is a tropical year measured at the point where the Sun's longitude is exactly 280?
20.
But, standard conventional epochs which are not Besselian epochs have been often designated nowadays with a prefix " J ", and the calendar date to which they refer is widely known, although not always the same date in the year : thus " J2000 " refers to the instant of 12pm ( midday ) on 1 January 2000, and J1900 refers to the instant of 12pm on 0 January 1900, equal to 31 Dec 1899 . It is also usual now to specify on what time scale the time of day is expressed in that epoch-designation, e . g . often Terrestrial Time.
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