11. The use of this frequency will establish a negative DC-bias voltage on the sample surface. 12. In this case a bias voltage is applied to all electrodes, to make the membrane initially spherical. 13. The bias voltage must be subtracted from the total " B " or HT voltage in gain calculations. 14. Reducing the bias voltage in traditional RSFQ circuits can reduce the static power dissipation and improve energy efficiency. 15. This produces a bias voltage signal to represent the background brightness level, making brighter objects stand out. 16. For vacuum tubes, a grid bias voltage is often applied to the grid electrodes for the same reason. 17. For a nanochannel with a low aspect ratio, high selectivity is possible when the bias voltage is low. 18. Therefore, devices made of such materials are normally operated around a bias voltage in order to behave nearly linearly. 19. The electric current is then suppressed at low bias voltages and the resistance of the device is no longer constant. 20. The Wehnelt bias voltage creates a repulsive electrostatic field that condenses the cloud of primary electrons produced by the filament.
