Two leading theories about objecthood are substance theory, wherein substances ( objects ) are distinct from their properties, and bundle theory, wherein objects are no more than bundles of their properties.
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Critics question how bundle theory accounts for the properties "'compresence " ( the " togetherness " relation between those properties ) without an underlying " substance ".
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However, bundle theory combined with trope theory ( as opposed to metaphysical realism ) avoids the indiscernibles argument because each attribute is a trope if can only be held by only one concrete particular.
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However, the argument concludes that the conceptual challenge of " bare particulars " leaves a bundle of properties and nothing more as the only possible conception of an object, thus justifying bundle theory.
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That is, according to bundle theory, to say that the pear before me exists is simply to say that certain properties ( greenness, hardness, etc . ) are being perceived at this moment.
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The " bundle theory of substance " thus rejects the substance theories of Aristotle, Descartes, and more recently, J . P . Moreland, Jia Hou, Joseph Bridgman, Quentin Smith, and others.
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All of their qualitative properties are the same ( e . g . white, rectangular, 9 x 11 inches . . . ) and thus, the argument claims, bundle theory and metaphysical realism cannot both be correct.
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This reminds me of the bundle theory and the identity of indiscernibles in philosophy, whereby an object consists of a set of properties, which raises a question about what happens when two objects have the same properties as each other.
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That so-called " bundling theory " was sharply criticized in the United States, where regulators are more inclined to allow businesses to pursue such synergies, in part because they have more power to break up any monopolies that might result.
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Hence, while Berkeley holds that objects are merely bundles of sensations ( see bundle theory ), Kant holds ( unlike other bundle theorists ) that objects do not cease to exist when they are no longer perceived by some merely " human " subject or mind.
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