The amount of tissue that needs food and oxygen is determined by the volume, but the pumping capacity that supplies food and oxygen depends on the area covered by choanocytes.
12.
Unlike their relatives, " Chondrocladia " still possesses the water flow system and choanocytes typical of sponges, albeit highly modified to inflate balloon-like structures that are used for capturing prey.
13.
Although the layers of pinacocytes and choanocytes resemble the epithelia of more complex animals, they are not bound tightly by cell-to-cell connections or a basal lamina ( thin fibrous sheet underneath ).
14.
Undulipodia use a whip-like action to create movement of the whole cell, such as the movement of sperm in the reproductive tract, and also create water movement as in the choanocytes of sponges.
15.
Through Evolution, the contractile vacuole has typically been lost in multicellular organisms, but it still exists in the unicellular stage of several multicellular fungi, as well as in several types of cells in sponges ( amoebocytes, pinacocytes, and choanocytes ).
16.
The first situation is found either in specialized cells of multicellular organisms ( e . g ., the choanocytes of sponges, or the ciliated epithelia of metazoans ), as in ciliates and many eukaryotes with a " flagellate condition " ( or " monadoid Flagellata, an artificial group ).
17.
One possible scenario inspired by the proposed hypothesis starts with the idea that the monociliated cells of the epitheloid in " Trichoplax adhaerens " evolved by reduction of the collars in the collar cells ( choanocytes ) of sponges as the ancestors of the Placozoa abandoned a filtering mode of life.
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