11. This is known as the Coupling constant of the problem. 12. For a given gauge field ( here we use ), with gauge coupling constant . 13. In the example below, the triplet coupling constant is larger than the doublet one. 14. In any given model, there is usually a finite-dimensional space of complex coupling constants . 15. Any coupling constants such as the electron charge are embodied in the vector potentials. 16. Additionally, the relative signs of the coupling constants can be elucidated from a COSY-45 spectrum. 17. The fields and coupling constant are really " bare " quantities, hence the subscript above. 18. A stronger-than-expected coupling constant would again imply the presence of right-handedness in the weak force. 19. A coupling constant plays an important role in dynamics. 20. But standard perturbation theory techniques don't work at distances, where the running coupling constant reaches 1.
