Ashes have to be ground into a fine and homogeneous powder and mixed with some sticky substance to mould the cupels.
12.
After the litharge has been absorbed by the cupel, buttons of silver were formed and settled in the middle of the cupel.
13.
After the litharge has been absorbed by the cupel, buttons of silver were formed and settled in the middle of the cupel.
14.
Cupels and scorifiers were mass-produced as after each reduction the vessels would have absorbed all of the lead and become fully saturated.
15.
The cupel is placed in the furnace and copper is separated into the lead which forms lithage in the cupel leaving the noble metal.
16.
The cupel is placed in the furnace and copper is separated into the lead which forms lithage in the cupel leaving the noble metal.
17.
Alternatively the ore can be smelted in a triangular crucible, and then have lead mixed with it when it is added to the cupel.
18.
Another vessel used for the same process is a scorifier which is similar to a cupel but slightly larger and removes the lead and leaves the noble metals behind.
19.
One of the earliest written references to cupels is " Theophilus Divers Ars " in the 12th century AD . The process then changed little until the 16th century.
20.
The refining of methods during the Medieval and Post Medieval periods led to the invention of the cupel which resembles a small egg cup, made of ceramic or bone ash which was used to separate base metals from noble metals.
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