11. Mononucleotide and dinucleotide repeats should be avoided, as loop formation can occur and contribute to mishybridization. 12. Subunit A contains the site of fumarate reduction and a covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide prosthetic group. 13. The 3 products are L-alanine, pyruvate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide , and hydrogen ion. 14. The 3 products are beta-alanine, pyruvate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide , and hydrogen ion. 15. The pill contains a chemical similar to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD ) used in metabolic reactions. 16. The rate limiting step of the primer synthesis occurs after NTP binding but before or during dinucleotide synthesis. 17. The overlapping promoter regions have repeats of the dinucleotide TA in the-10 and-35 sequences. 18. In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. 19. The balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called the NAD / NADH ratio. 20. An example of this are the dehydrogenases that use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NAD + ) as a cofactor.
