According to the principles of Doppler cooling, an atom modelled as a momentum conservation and brings the atom to its excited state.
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Applying Doppler cooling in three dimensions will slow atoms to velocities that are typically a few cm / s and produce what is known as an optical molasses.
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Using laser light to cool atoms was first proposed in 1975 by taking advantage of the Doppler effect to make the radiation force on an atom dependent on its velocity, a technique known as Doppler cooling.
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Repeated cycles of converting kinetic energy to potential energy, and subsequent loss of this potential energy via optical pumping, allow the atoms to reach temperatures orders of magnitude below those available through simple Doppler cooling.
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"' Sisyphus cooling "'( sometimes called "'polarization gradient cooling "') is a type of laser cooling of atoms used to reach temperatures below the Doppler cooling limit.
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Known as the Doppler limit, T _ d = \ hbar \ Gamma / { 2 k _ b }, this was given by the lowest possible temperature attainable considering the cooling of two-level atoms by Doppler cooling and the heating of atoms due to momentum diffusion from the scattering of laser photons.
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Of the two "'k " kicks the atom receives in each cooling cycle, the first cools, and the second heats : a simple description of laser cooling which enables us to calculate a point at which these two effects reach equilibrium, and therefore define a lower temperature limit, known as the Doppler cooling limit.
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