Several anatomical features identifies " Carolinacetus " as a protocetid ( and therefore as a member of Pelagiceti ) including : external nares are located above the canine, the supraoccipital ( in cetaceans, the part of the occipital bone located above the foramen magnum and directed backwards ) is narrow and tubular, accessory cusps absent on M 3, a broad connection between the ectotympanic axis vertebra with large vertebral foramen.
12.
In odontocetes, the tympanic membrane ( or ligament ) has the shape of a folded-in umbrella that stretches from the ectotympanic ring and narrows off to the malleus ( quite unlike the flat, circular membrane found in land mammals . ) In mysticetes, it also forms a large protrusion ( known as the " glove finger " ), which stretches into the external meatus and the stapes are larger than in odontocetes.
13.
A study done in 1987 linked Plesiadapiformes with adapids and omomyids through nine shared-derived features, six of which are cranial or dental : ( 1 ) auditory bulla inflated and formed by the petrosal bone, ( 2 ) ectotympanic expanded laterally and fused medially to the wall of the bulla, ( 3 ) promontorium centrally positioned in the bulla, and large hypotympanic sinus widely separating promontorium from the basisphenoid, ( 4 ) internal carotid entering the bulla posteriolaterally and enclosed in a bony tube, ( 5 ) nannopithex fold on the upper molars, and ( 6 ) loss of one pair of incisors.
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