Integrating these equations over the Ekman layer shows that the net Ekman transport term is 90 degrees to the right ( left ) of the wind in the Northern ( Southern ) Hemisphere.
12.
The Ekman number also describes the order of magnitude for the thickness of an Ekman layer, a boundary layer in which viscous diffusion is balanced by Coriolis effects, rather than the usual convective inertia.
13.
:: I was approaching it by saying that the top of the Ekman layer is where u = u _ g, but working that through doesn't give the correct answer-I assume therefore that this is not the correct criteria.
14.
This prohibited the application of his theory to the western boundary currents, since some form of dissipative effect ( bottom Ekman layer ) would be later shown to be necessary to predict a closed circulation for an entire ocean basin and to counteract the wind-driven flow.
15.
There are many regions where an Ekman layer is theoretically plausible; they include the bottom of the atmosphere, near the surface of the earth and ocean, the bottom of the ocean, near the sea floor and at the top of the ocean, near the air-water interface.
16.
When the contributions from all the vertical layers are added up the integration of the velocity over depth, from the bottom to the top of the Ekman layer the total " Ekman transport " is exactly 90 degrees to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere.
17.
Observational evidence shows that there is no significant time delay between the change of AAM and its corresponding change of LOD for periods longer than about 10 days . This implies a strong coupling between atmosphere and solid Earth due to surface friction with a time constant of about 7 days, the spin-down time of the Ekman layer.
18.
The driving force behind the vertical velocity w _ E is the Ekman transport, which in the Northern ( Southern ) hemisphere is to the right ( left ) of the wind stress; thus a stress field with a positive ( negative ) curl leads to Ekman divergence ( convergence ), and water must rise from beneath to replace the old Ekman layer water.
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