All gaseous ionization detectors are able to collect the electrons released by ionizing radiation, guiding them to a region with a large electric field, and thereby initiating an electron avalanche.
12.
To be specific, molecular O 2 is reduced to O 2 " ( an ROS called superoxide ) when it absorbs an excited electron released from compounds of the electron transport chain.
13.
X-rays can be generated by an X-ray tube, a vacuum tube that uses a high voltage to accelerate the electrons released by a hot cathode to a high velocity.
14.
These vacancies capture available electrons, e ", to maintain charge neutrality, forming F-centers; that is, the electrons released in this process diffuse to occupy the vacant sites.
15.
Secondary electrons are generally considered to have energies below 50 eV . The rate of energy loss for electron scattering is very low, so most electrons released have energies peaking below 5 eV ( Seiler, 1983 ).
16.
The existence of multipactor is dependent on the following three conditions being met : The average number of electrons released is greater than or equal to one per incident electron ( this is dependent on the secondary electron yield of the surface ) " and " the time taken by the electron to travel from the surface from which it was released to the surface it impacts with is an integer multiple of one half of the RF period " and " the average secondary electron yield is greater than or equal to one.
17.
Evident from these characterizations is that while under the photoelectric effect bound electrons released from such photosensitive materials vary linearly with the frequency of the radiation, " that is for each incident photon an electron is ejected ", under the storage effect a photoconductive and photovoltaic phenomenon occurs where ( " apart from the liberation of electrons from metals " ) when photons are absorbed in a p-n junction ( in a semiconductor ) or metal-semiconductor junction, " new free charge carriers are produced ", ( photoconductive effect ) and where " the electric field in the junction region causes the new charge carriers to move, creating a flow of current in an external circuit without the need for a battery ", ( photovoltaic effect ) ( " The International Dictionary of Physics and Electronics ", N . Y . 1956, 1961, pp . 126, 183, 859-861, 863, 1028-1028, 1094-1095 ).
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