Since an actual, physical plate is rarely a 100 % efficient equilibrium stage, the number of actual plates is more than the required theoretical plates.
12.
If each physical tray or plate were 100 % efficient, then the number of physical trays needed for a given separation would equal the number of equilibrium stages or theoretical plates.
13.
It is also helpful in solving liquid liquid extraction problems, because an extraction system can also be represented as a series of equilibrium stages and relative solubility can be substituted for relative volatility.
14.
Relative volatilities are used in the design of all types of distillation processes as well as other absorption processes that involve the contacting of vapor and liquid phases in a series of equilibrium stages.
15.
Using Raoult's law and Dalton's Law for a series of condensation and evaporation cycles ( i . e ., equilibrium stages ), the following form of the Fenske equation is obtained:
16.
In a typical leaching operation, the solid mixture to be separated consists of particles, inert insoluble carrier A and equilibrium stage, all the solute is dissolved by the solvent; none of the carrier is dissolved.
17.
These types of VLE diagrams are used in the McCabe Thiele method to determine the number of equilibrium stages ( or theoretical plates ) needed to distill a given composition binary feed mixture into one distillate fraction and one bottoms fraction.
18.
Moreover, the efficiencies of the vapor liquid contact devices ( referred to as " plates " or " trays " ) used in distillation columns are typically lower than that of a theoretical 100 % efficient equilibrium stage.
19.
For any source material of specific composition, the main variables that affect the purity of products in continuous distillation are the reflux ratio and the number of theoretical equilibrium stages, in practice determined by the number of trays or the height of packing.
20.
In industrial continuous fractionating columns, is determined by starting at either the top or bottom of the column and calculating material balances, heat balances and equilibrium flash vaporizations for each of the succession of equilibrium stages until the desired end product composition is achieved.
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