The synthesis of all three share a common beginning to their pathways; the formation of chorismate from phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) and erythrose 4-phosphate ( E4P ).
12.
Glucose is converted via glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate pathway to phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate, respectively, which are converted via the shikimate pathway to tyrosine and dihydroxyphenylalanine.
13.
Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate react to form 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate ( DAHP ), in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme DAHP synthase.
14.
Examples of aldose include glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, erythrose, threose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose, allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, talose, and galactose.
15.
At this stage, phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate react to form 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate ( DAHP ), in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme DAHP synthase.
16.
Erythrose was first isolated in 1849 from rhubarb by the French pharmacist Louis Feux Joseph Garot ( 1798-1869 ), and was named as such because of its red hue in the presence of alkali metals ( ??????, " red " ).
17.
The prefix " threo " which derives from threose ( and " erythro " from a corresponding diastereomer erythrose ) offer a useful way to describe general organic structures with adjacent chiral centers, where " the prefixes . . . designate the relative configuration of the centers ".
18.
Specifically, the biosynthesis begins with the addition of phosphoenolpyruvate ( PEP ) to erythrose-4-phosphate ( E4P ) with a yet undiscovered enzyme, which is then ammoniated to give 4-amino-3-deoxy-D-arabino heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate ( aminoDHAP ).
19.
Given Earth's history of meteoric impacts and the observation that meteors contain an excess of the biologically relevant L-proteinogenic alanine can direct the condensation of glycolaldehyde to produce nonracemic solutions of threose and erythrose via an aldol reaction concluding that amino acids can act as asymmetric catalysts in carbohydrate synthesis.
20.
The second reaction catalyzed by transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway involves the same thiamine diphosphate-mediated transfer of a 2-carbon fragment from D-xylulose-5-P to the aldose erythrose-4-phosphate, affording fructose 6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-P . Again, in the Calvin cycle exactly the same reaction occurs, but in the opposite direction.
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