The snout of " Cerrejonisuchus " is narrow and consistent in width from the external nares, or nostril openings, to the Sokotosuchus ianwilsoni ", the teeth of " Cerrejonisuchus " are not curved.
12.
Unlike previously reported, this species does have open external nares, and possesses a single, well-developed lung, and it is similar to other " Microcaecilia " in having an orbit mostly covered by bone ( closed ).
13.
All unambiguous synapomorphies are based on the nasal region of the skull where the individual bones are easily distinguished . " Orthogenysuchus " shares with " Mourasuchus " a characteristically long, broad snout, extremely wide external nares consisting of the nasal aperture and dorsal fossa, and many small maxillary alveoli.
14.
"Dalanistes " is similar to but 20 % larger than " Remingtonocetus "; the external nares are located more anteriorly ( above C 1 ); the sagittal crest is much higher; the rostrum is angled down 20?relative to the main axis of the braincase; the mandibular symphysis is relatively open ( ends at P 3 ) and the mandibular canals fail to unite at the symphysis.
15.
Several anatomical features identifies " Carolinacetus " as a protocetid ( and therefore as a member of Pelagiceti ) including : external nares are located above the canine, the supraoccipital ( in cetaceans, the part of the occipital bone located above the foramen magnum and directed backwards ) is narrow and tubular, accessory cusps absent on M 3, a broad connection between the ectotympanic axis vertebra with large vertebral foramen.
16.
The remaining families and later crown cetaceans form a clade united by six synapomorphies : the anterior margin of external nares are located above or behind the third upper incisor, the rostrum is wide, the supraorbital processes are present but short, the anterior edge of the orbit is located above the second or third upper molar, the postorbital process forms a 90?angle with the sagittal crest, and the cervical vertebrae are short.
17.
Although " Abydosaurus " lived some 45 million years after " Giraffatitan ", the skulls of these two genera are similar except for the narrower, sharper teeth and smaller nose of " Abydosaurus " . " Abydosaurus " can be differentiated from all other sauropods, including " Giraffatitan ", by subtle features of the nasal and maxillary bones, its relatively small external nares ( nostrils ), and some features of the teeth.
18.
The choanae, two holes through which the nasal passage opens into the mouth, are long, narrow, and positioned along the side of the palate . " Anakamacops " is similar to the dissorophid " Kamacops " from Russia in that it has a flat snout, large external nares or nostril openings, and a centrally located depression on the tip of the snout . " Kamacops " has small teeth on its palate, distinguishing it from " Anakamacops ".
19.
Such evidence is now available : a small lobe-finned fish called " Kenichthys ", found in China and dated at around 395 million years old, represents evolution " caught in mid-act ", with the maxilla and premaxilla separated and an aperture & mdash; the incipient choana & mdash; on the lip in between the two bones . " Kenichthys " is more closely related to tetrapods than is the coelacanth, which has only external nares; it thus represents an intermediate stage in the evolution of the tetrapod condition.
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