11. The traditional thought was that the extrapyramidal system operated entirely independently of the pyramidal system. 12. Antipsychotics are often discontinued due to inefficacy and intolerable side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms. 13. Extrapyramidal symptoms are most commonly caused by typical antipsychotic drugs that antagonize dopamine D2 receptors.14. Clozapine is believed to have the highest efficacy and lowest risk of extrapyramidal side effect. 15. It has predominantly anticholinergic side effects, though extrapyramidal side effects are not uncommon either. 16. Breastfed children sometimes show extrapyramidal symptoms. 17. Opisthotonus can sometimes be seen in extrapyramidal side effect of phenothiazines, haloperidol, and metoclopramide. 18. It produces extrapyramidal symptoms with necrosis of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. 19. Primitive reflexes are mediated by extrapyramidal functions, many of which are already present at birth. 20. He also established a relationship between meningiomas, extrapyramidal disorder, and Parkinson's disease.
