One way to obtain a pseudo-first order reaction is to use a large excess of one of the reactants ( [ B ] k " [ A ] ) that works in the previous example ) so that, as the reaction progresses, only a small amount of the reactant is consumed, and its concentration can be considered to stay constant.
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As an example, the steady state approximation will be applied to two consecutive, irreversible, homogeneous first order reactions in a closed system . ( For heterogeneous reactions, see reactions on surfaces . ) This model corresponds, for example, to a series of nuclear decompositions like ^ { 239 } U-> ^ { 239 } Np-> ^ { 239 } Pu \ !.
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This free-energy relationship relates the pseudo first order reaction rate constant ( in water at 25 �C ), " k ", of a reaction, normalized to the reaction rate, " k " 0, of a standard reaction with water as the nucleophile, to a nucleophilic constant " n " for a given nucleophile and a substrate constant " s " that depends on the sensitivity of a substrate to nucleophilic attack ( defined as 1 for methyl bromide ).
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