JEPD theory came from the form criticism of the 18th century which began to look at units of Biblical texts in terms of their oral forms before they were recorded in written format.
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With each passing century, historical criticism became refined into various methodologies used today : source criticism, form criticism, redaction criticism, tradition criticism, canonical criticism, and related methodologies.
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For one example, by giving the Sitz im Leben of the covenant code in Exodus 21-23, form criticism renders intelligible its differences from other law codes preserved in Deuteronomy.
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Form criticism was originally developed for Old Testament studies by Hermann Gunkel, Martin Noth, Gerhard von Rad, and other scholars, who used it to supplement the documentary hypothesis with reference to its oral foundations.
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Wellhausen had concentrated exclusively on the written text of the Pentateuch, but in the next generation Hermann Gunkel developed form criticism, a methodology which he claimed could identify the various genres which had contributed to the text and thus reconstruct its tradition history.
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Unlike its parent discipline, form criticism, redaction criticism does not look at the various parts of a narrative to discover the original genre; instead, it focuses on how the redactor ( s ) has shaped and molded the narrative to express his theological goals.
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Part 1 examines the methodology and assumptions of source criticism and the Documentary Hypothesis; Part 2 examines the methodology of form criticism and tradition history as developed by Noth and others; and Part 3 sets out Whybray's own suggestions for the process by which the Pentateuch came to be composed.
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Between September 1963 and May 1966 Sanders studied at Union Theological Seminary, New York City for his Th . D . His thesis was entitled " The Tendencies of the Synoptic Tradition " ( published in 1969 ), which used form criticism to examine whether the Gospel tradition changed in consistent ways.
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"' Study of the text across time "'( historical-critical or diachronic method ), including source and form criticism, while " indispensable " for proper understanding of texts, is limited in that it views texts at only one point in their transmission and can divert attention from the richness that the final form of the text has for the Church.
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Some of them, mainly influenced by form criticism, have tried to reconstruct the original background and meaning of the riddle and of other components in the story, under the assumption that story in its current form is the product of a combination of originally independent traditions; These scholars proposed diverse answers to the riddle, not necessarily related to the answer proposed in the biblical text.
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