11. Teachers may never give a formal test , but they constantly assess students by observing their actions. 12. There is a formal test to measure wringability. 13. When causes for the accident have been identified, formal tests are applied to all potential cause-effect relations. 14. Instead he was called up to the Scotland squad but was not capped in a formal test . 15. Apart from formal tests , other measures can be used, such as standardized checklists, observations, interviews, and work samples. 16. There is no formal test , as far as I know, that distinguishes logical abilities from spatial intelligence and mathematics. 17. The consortium provides guidance on when the Technical Justification route can be used and when a new formal test is required. 18. A straightforward alternative to fudging the health standard would be to subject it to a formal test of costs and benefits. 19. While the formal test overwhelmingly favored the existence of a single LUCA, this does not imply that the LUCA was ever alone. 20. In the U . S ., such a program would lead to a formal test at the turn of the 20th century.