It spreads vegetatively by means of spherical underground tubers as well as via narrow, thread-like gemmae.
12.
The exine is 1.5 2.4 �m thick, with 1 2 �m long gemmae or bacula.
13.
The thallus features tiny cup-like structures called " gemmae cups ", which are used for asexual reproduction.
14.
In America, the species grows only as a sterile form, easily recognized by the crescent-shaped cups containing gemmae.
15.
In " Metzgeria ", gemmae grow at thallus margins . " Marchantia polymorpha " is a common weed in greenhouses, often covering the entire surface of containers;
16.
Asexual reproduction occurs by means of gemmae, discoid clumps of cells which are genetically identical to the parent and contained in cup-like structures on the upper surface of the plant.
17.
Monson hypothesized that Merro must have had access to the three volumes of " Gemmae Musicalis " ( published in 1588, 1589, and 1590 ) which would be the explanation for inclusions of the works on leaves 139v-149r.
18.
Some thallose liverworts such as " Marchantia polymorpha " and " Lunularia cruciata " produce small disc-shaped gemmae in shallow cups . " Marchantia " gemmae can be dispersed up to 120 cm by rain splashing into the cups.
19.
Some thallose liverworts such as " Marchantia polymorpha " and " Lunularia cruciata " produce small disc-shaped gemmae in shallow cups . " Marchantia " gemmae can be dispersed up to 120 cm by rain splashing into the cups.
20.
The descriptive text sections are good and the botanical drawings are well executed and clear, although many of the plates have much blank space that could have been used for additional sketches . ( For example, Lowrie unfortunately did not include gemmae sketches for the new pygmy sundews . ) The photography is excellent as in his first two volumes Lowrie skillfully uses depth-of-field and background choices to highlight the plants.
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