A small engineered protein binding a conserved part of haemagglutinin protects mice against multiple influenza strains without requiring an immune response in the host . " PLOS Pathog"
12.
This was due to a reassortment event that caused a minor clade to provide a haemagglutinin gene that later became part of the dominant strain in the 2002 2003 flu season.
13.
The haemagglutinin-esterase glycoprotein HEF must be cleaved by the host's trypsin-like proteases to produce two peptides ( HEF1 and HEF2 ) in order for the virus to be infectious.
14.
They decided to send their first publication to " Science " was sceptical too at first, but eventually published what amounted to about 15 percent of the haemagglutinin gene as well as small fragments of the four other genes on 21 March 1997.
15.
The absence of genes encoding botulinum neurotoxin A, B, F and genes encoding non-toxic haemagglutinin ( NTNH ) and genes encoding " Clostridium perfringens " toxins ( alpha, beta, epsilon and iota ) has been demonstrated by PCR assay.
16.
Because of the relative deep active site in which low-molecular-weight inhibitors can make multiple favorable interactions and approachable methods of designing transition-state analogues in the hydrolysis of sialosides, the sialidase becomes more attractive anti-influenza drug target than the haemagglutinin.
17.
It is more probable that evolutionary adaptation of the haemagglutinin of H5N1 viruses to the human-type receptor will happen without any simultaneous change in those other genetic properties that now are important for explaining the exceptionally high virulence of certain strains of avian-adapted H5N1 influenza virus.
18.
The first problem is this : seasonal influenza vaccines require a single injection of 15 ?g haemagglutinin in order to give protection; H5 seems to evoke only a weak immune response and a large multicentre trial found that two injections of 90 �g H5 given 28 days apart provided protection in only 54 % of people.
19.
In " Bordetella pertussis ", the infectious agent in childhood whooping cough, filamentous haemagglutinin ( FHA ) is a surface-exposed and secreted protein that acts as a major virulence attachment factor, functioning as both a primary adhesin and an immunomodulator to bind the bacterial to beta-strands separated by beta-turns.
20.
The change of the haemagglutinin molecule from human adaptation must be expected to act as an additional virulence factor because it will enhance the total number of cells that can be infected ( per host organism ), increase the total rate of virus replication and potentiate the effects of the other virulence factors already present . " Influenza research is continuing.
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