Due to the accuracy of hyperfine structure transition-based atomic clocks, they are now used as the basis for the definition of the second.
12.
There, from 1932-34 he researched interferometry under Prof . A . Fowler and began writing " Hyperfine Structure in Line Spectra and Nuclear Spin ".
13.
The theory of hyperfine structure comes directly from electromagnetism, consisting of the interaction of the nuclear multipole moments ( excluding the electric monopole ) with internally generated fields.
14.
In atoms, hyperfine structure occurs due to the energy of the nuclear electric quadrupole moment in the electric field gradient due to the distribution of charge within the atom.
15.
In practice, completely coherent optical pumping may not occur due to power-broadening of the linewidth of a transition and undesirable effects such as hyperfine structure trapping and radiation trapping.
16.
One second is now " defined " to be " exactly " 9, 192, 631, 770 cycles of the hyperfine structure transition frequency of caesium-133 atoms.
17.
Kuhn became a naturalised British subject in 1939 . At the Clarendon laboratory, Jackson and Kuhn studied the hyperfine structure and Zeeman effects of the light elements such a lithium, sodium and potassium.
18.
Along with Gregory Breit, Bramley was the first to calculate the effect of extended nuclear charge on hyperfine structure and isotopic shift an effect still known as the " Breit-Rosenthal correction ".
19.
Such " radiative corrections " contribute to a number of predictions of QED, such as the magnetic dipole moment of leptons, the Lamb shift, and the hyperfine structure of bound lepton pairs, such as muonium and positronium.
20.
Besides, isolated nickel and cobalt atoms incorporate into diamond lattice, as demonstrated through characteristic hyperfine structure in electron paramagnetic resonance, optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra, and the concentration of isolated nickel can reach 0.01 %.
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