While deregulation of either of these pathways can disturb motor output, hyperkinesia is thought to result from overactivity of the direct pathway and decreased activity from the indirect pathway.
12.
Mutations in the SUCLA2 gene are associated with low muscle tone, severe muscular atrophy, scoliosis, movement disorders such as dystonia and hyperkinesia, epilepsy, and growth retardation.
13.
It was not until the late 1980s and 1990s that sufficient animal models and human clinical trials were utilized to discover the specific involvement of the basal ganglia in the hyperkinesia pathology.
14.
Features that are classically present in NMS, that are useful for differentiating the two, are bradykinesia and extrapyramidal " lead pipe " rigidity, whereas serotonin syndrome causes hyperkinesia and clonus.
15.
Hyperkinesia is a defining feature of many childhood movement disorders, yet distinctly differs from both hypertonia and " negative signs ", which are also typically involved in such disorders.
16.
Hyperkinesia occurs when dopamine receptors, and norepinephrine receptors to a lesser extent, within the cortex and the brainstem are more sensitive to dopamine or when the dopaminergic receptors / neurons are hyperactive.
17.
In 1998, Wichmann and Delong made the conclusion that hyperkinesia is associated with decreased output from the basal ganglia, and in contrast, hypokinesia is associated with increased output from the basal ganglia.
18.
The other category of movement disorder resulting from damage to the basal ganglia, hyperkinesia, features an exaggeration of unwanted motion, like twitching or writhing in Huntington's disease or Tourette syndrome.
19.
This is the primal season for book publishing, so the store is afflicted with a seasonal hyperkinesia, even as many of the editors and publishers who produce the product flee their offices until 1998.
20.
The other afternoon at the Barnes & Noble at 48th Street and Fifth Avenue in midtown Manhattan, there was not the seasonal hyperkinesia that I had seen in a Barnes & Noble at Christmastime several years ago.
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