The main minerals extracted in the area include coal, phosphorus, iron, gold, silver, copper, limestone, Iceland spar and marble, etc.
12.
Hunter Penhallow, heir to the Iceland spar fortune of his forebears, plans to stow away on the " Malus ", but heads south instead in another vessel.
13.
The recovery of an Iceland spar sunstone from an Elizabethan ship which sank near Alderney in 1592 suggests the possibility that the navigational technology may have persisted after the invention of the magnetic compass.
14.
Nicol made his prism by bisecting a parallelepiped of Iceland spar ( a naturally occurring, transparent crystalline form of calcium carbonate ) along its shortest diagonal, then cementing the two halves together with Canada balsam.
15.
*" the birefringence of Iceland spar, an optical phenomenon investigated by Gibbs . " Passive voice again; " an optical phenomenon that Gibbs investigated " feels more straightforward even if it's slightly longer.
16.
The Upper Hierarchy sends a new assignment to the Chums through a " Special Japanese Oyster " ( which uses crystals of Iceland spar to separate rays of light into " ordinary " and " extraordinary " beams ).
17.
It has been suggested that Vikings were able to navigate on the open sea in a similar fashion, using the birefringent crystal Iceland spar, which they called " sunstone ", to determine the orientation of the sky's polarization.
18.
Recent evidence suggests that the Vikings also made use of an optical compass as a navigation aid, using the light-splitting and polarisation-filtering properties of Iceland spar to find the location of the sun when it was not directly visible.
19.
It consists of a rhombohedral crystal of Iceland spar ( a variety of calcite ) that has been cut at an angle of 68?with respect to the crystal axis, cut again diagonally, and then rejoined as shown, using a layer of transparent Canada balsam as a glue.
20.
Mines producing Iceland spar include many mines producing related calcite and aragonite as well as those famously in Iceland, productively in the greater Sonoran desert region as in Santa Eulalia, Chihuahua, Mexico and New Mexico, United States, as well as in the People's Republic of China.
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