A large photodiode below measures the light flux through the analyzer grating, which is a sinusoidal function of incident angle . ]]
12.
At large incident angles, electrons with high energy can penetrate the surface of the sample and degrade the surface sensitivity of the instrument.
13.
When these X-rays hit the analyzer crystal the condition of Bragg diffraction is satisfied only for a very narrow range of incident angles.
14.
However, by converging the electrons in a cone onto the specimen, one can in effect perform a diffraction experiment over several incident angles simultaneously.
15.
When the scattered or refracted X-rays have incident angles outside this range they will not be reflected at all and don�t contribute to the signal.
16.
The optimal conditions for the high molecular weight group are high incident angles ( 70-90?) and short d 1 distances ( 1 3 mm ).
17.
In SPR, the maximum excitation of surface plasmons are detected by monitoring the reflected power from a prism coupler as a function of incident angle or wavelength.
18.
The reflected light itself is the sum from all directions of the incoming light ( L i ) multiplied by the surface reflection and cosine of the incident angle.
19.
The optimal conditions for the low molecular weight group are the opposite, low incident angles ( 35-50?) and long d 1 distances ( 7 10 mm ).
20.
By building ASPs where the vertical separation between the gratings is approximately equal to a half-integer multiple of the Talbot depth, the sinusoidal sensitivity with incident angle is observed.
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