11. Animals may increase their inclusive fitness through kin selection. 12. With this system, breeders gain an increased reproductive, while helpers gain an increased inclusive fitness . 13. In 1964, William D . Hamilton proposed inclusive fitness theory, emphasizing a gene-centered view of evolution. 14. Inclusive fitness theory takes the form of an proximate mechanism governing the expression of social behaviors.15. One mechanism of inclusive fitness is kin selection. 16. Inclusive fitness is not limited to cases where " kin " ('close genetic relatives') are involved.17. Group augmentation is favored if the grouping provides passive benefits for helpers in addition to inclusive fitness . 18. Family investment in offspring among black South African households also appears consistent with an inclusive fitness model. 19. In addition, by passing on longevity to her sons, a female would stand to gain inclusive fitness . 20. The source of the confusion can be traced to discussions in Hamilton's early papers on inclusive fitness .
