11. Wind tunnel tests showed the tunneled rear window caused lift and the gaping mouth induced drag . 12. The trailing wingtip vortices are responsible for the component of the downwash which creates induced drag . 13. This formula demonstrates that a sail's induced drag coefficient decreases with increased aspect ratio. 14. Overall fuel efficiency improvement is up to five percent through the reduction of lift-induced drag . 15. Wingtip vortices are associated with induced drag , an unavoidable consequence of three-dimensional lift generation. 16. For a given wing span and surface, minimal induced drag is obtained with an aspect ratio. 17. The vortices trailing a bird create an underwash, which creates an induced drag for the bird. 18. Studies had long shown that the ideal wing for minimizing induced drag should be an elliptic planform. 19. In gravitational deposition, this velocity is the settling velocity due to the gravity-induced drag . 20. In theory, induced drag is at its minimum when the spanwise distribution of lift is elliptical.
