Adanson not only described evolution in his " Familles de plantes, " published in 1763 when Lamarck was a young man of twenty, but also suggested that the changes in specific characteristics were produced through the inheritance of acquired characters ."
12.
This is exceedingly well done, and it contains a very forcible argument against the possibility of the inheritance of acquired characters in the higher animals, derived from the facts of cell-division and specialisation in the development of the individual.
13.
In fact, these inadequacies made for an atmosphere in which many equally unconvincing 19th century " arm-chair " hypotheses were formulated and circulated in attempts to explain inheritance more adequately ( see inheritance of acquired characters, maternal impression, Geoffroyism, Lamarckism ).
14.
The rejection of the inheritance of acquired characters, combined with Ronald Fisher the statistician, giving the subject a mathematical footing, and showing how Mendelian genetics was compatible with natural selection in his 1930 book " The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection ".
15.
In the first edition of " On the Origin of Species ", Darwin briefly mentioned inheritance of acquired characters under the heading " " Effects of Use and Disuse " ", expressing little doubt that use " strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited ".
16.
The term " Darwinism " had covered a wide range of ideas, many of which differed from Darwin's views, but it became associated with the minority view of August Weismann who went further than Darwin by rejecting inheritance of acquired characters and attributing all evolution to natural selection, a view also called neo-Darwinism.
17.
According to Ernst Mayr, any Lamarckian theory involving the inheritance of acquired characters has been refuted as " DNA does not directly participate in the making of the phenotype and that the phenotype, in turn, does not control the composition of the DNA . " Peter J . Bowler has written that although many early scientists took Lamarckism seriously, it was discredited by genetics in the early twentieth century.
18.
Though his theories gained popularity in Germany in the 1880s, his work was not widely known in the English-speaking world until 1890 when his work " Die Entstehung der Arten auf Grund von Vererben erworbener Eigenschaften nach den Gesetzen organischen Waschsens " ( 1888 ) was translated by Joseph Thomas Cunningham as " Organic Evolution as the Result of the inheritance of Acquired Characters according to the Laws of Organic Growth ".
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