11. At this time, the ionization coefficients have their maximum values. 12. Excited-state ionization energies can be measured by photoelectron spectroscopy. 13. Ionization of an air gap requires voltage in the kV range.14. The process presented in the above equation is called Penning ionization . 15. EDELWEISS detectors measure the ionization produced in a semiconducting germanium crystal. 16. This ionization of the atoms would make the intergalactic gas largely invisible. 17. The balance between these two processes determines the quantity of ionization present. 18. There are also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization . 19. Ionization energies are linked approximately to orbital energies by Koopmans'theorem.20. Self-ionization must also be considered when concentrations are extremely low.
