11. This may be replaced with a physical shorting plane to create a quarter-wavelength microstrip antenna. 12. Miniaturisation also leads to favouring microstrip because its disadvantages are not so severe in a miniaturised circuit. 13. Metamaterials can eliminate dispersion along the microstrip by correcting for the frequency dependence of the effective permittivity. 14. To ensure this, the designer must take the high-frequency characteristics of the microstrip into account. 15. The disadvantages of microstrip compared with waveguide are the generally lower power handling capacity, and higher losses. 16. The optimum mitre for a wide range of microstrip geometries has been determined experimentally by Douville and James. 17. In some technologies, including the widely used microstrip , series connections are difficult or impossible to implement. 18. This is particularly a problem with printed technologies, such as microstrip , when implementing high characteristic impedances. 19. Designs for microstrip -based converters for amateur radio frequencies were adapted for the 4 GHz C-band. 20. Transmission lines such as microstrip , coplanar waveguide, stripline or coax may also be considered to be waveguides.
