11. However, this space is not completely empty, and is sparsely filled with cosmic rays, which include ionized microwave spectroscopy . 12. Townes had begun a series of pioneering studies in microwave spectroscopy , but had no budget for a laboratory assistant. 13. Microwave spectroscopy commonly measures changes in the rotation of molecules, and can be used to identify molecules in outer space.14. His work there included experiments in microwave spectroscopy and tests of the inverse square law of gravitation at short distances. 15. Gordy's work with microwave technology during this time led him to focus his subsequent spectroscopic research efforts on microwave spectroscopy . 16. Following the Second World War, Wilson was a pioneer in the application of microwave spectroscopy to the determination of molecular structure. 17. In 1961 Schawlow left Bell Labs to join the faculty at Stanford, where he worked on laser and microwave spectroscopy and superconductivity. 18. Bond lengths are measured in the solid phase by means of X-ray diffraction, or approximated in the gas phase by microwave spectroscopy . 19. For UPd 2 Al 3 such an extremely low relaxation rate, consistent with simple optical Drude behavior, was observed using microwave spectroscopy . 20. Other molecules detected via microwave spectroscopy include cyanoacetylene cyclopropenylidene methanol, silicon monoxide sulfur monoxide carbon monosulfide, Thioformaldehyde, Hydrogen isocyanide, Formamide and ions HCO +.
