Pupal-mating butterflies like " Heliconius charatonia " are thought to be monandrous; females rarely participate in more than one mating per lifetime.
12.
For 18 out of 19 of the contrast points, he said, the male genitals of the polyandrous group displayed greater variability than they did in the monandrous group.
13.
Bank voles ( " Myodes glareolus " ) has supported the infanticide avoidance hypothesis where polyandrous females'offspring have a higher survival than monandrous females'offspring.
14.
This also confirmed that the subfamily Vanilloideae is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the monandrous orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family.
15.
They typically contain the remaining orchids with a single, fertile anther ( = monandrous ), which is also fully incumbent ( = strongly convex ) to suberect ( = ascending towards the edges ).
16.
One group consisted of species that were polyandrous, in which the female copulates with many males, while the other was of species that were monandrous, in which the female mates only once in her lifetime.
17.
Conflict is expected between the queen and workers over the sex ratio and reproduction of males in the colony, especially in monandrous colonies where workers are more related to their own sons and nephews than to their brothers.
18.
However, kin theory states that in monandrous colonies, workers will be most closely related to each other, so they should spend the most time raising the queen's young, which are their full sisters.
19.
While there may be genetic fitness benefits in colony heterogeneity from a polyandrous mating system, bumblebees are also likely to be monandrous due to social constraints, risks associated with multiple matings, and phylogenetic inertia since the ancestral bees are singly mated.
20.
It is used in China and Japan commercially as a pollinator . " B . ignitus " is a eusocial insect with a queen that is monandrous-mating with only one male in the late summer before hibernating until the following spring.
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