Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes ( cycloalkanes ), which normally account for at least 70 % by volume.
12.
Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of different hydrocarbons; the most commonly found molecules are alkanes ( paraffins ), cycloalkanes ( naphthenes ), aromatic hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals like asphaltenes.
13.
The pyrolysis gasoline typically consists of C 6 to C 8 aromatics, heavier aromatics containing 9 to 11 or 12 carbon atoms, and non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons ( naphthenes ) containing 6 or more carbon atoms.
14.
The " cycloalkanes ", also known as " naphthenes ", are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are attached according to the formula C n H 2n.
15.
Figure 2 is a very simplified schematic diagram that exemplifies how the process breaks high boiling, straight-chain alkane ( paraffin ) hydrocarbons into smaller straight-chain alkanes as well as branched-chain alkanes, branched alkenes ( olefins ) and cycloalkanes ( naphthenes ).
16.
As the vaporized reactants flow through the fixed bed of catalyst in the reactor, the major reaction is the dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics ( as described earlier herein ) which is highly endothermic and results in a large temperature decrease between the inlet and outlet of the reactor.
17.
As also depicted in Figure 2, the cycloalkanes ( naphthenes ) formed by the initial breakup of the large molecules are further converted to aromatics such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes, which boil in the gasoline boiling range and have much higher octane ratings than alkanes.
18.
In terms of product types, Fischer-Tropsch production has been limited to linear paraffins, such as synthetic crude oil, whereas methanol to gasoline processes can produce aromatics, such as xylene and toluene, and naphthenes and iso-paraffins, such as drop-in gasoline and jet fuel.
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