In response to the release of this work, Sir Charles Lyell spearheaded an expeditionary force soon after to corroborate Scrope's findings and help build a case against Neptunism.
12.
Lehman's classification was developed by Abraham Gottlob Werner who thought that rock strata had been deposited from a primeval global ocean rather than by Noah's Flood, a doctrine called Neptunism.
13.
The Society was named after Abraham Gottlob Werner, a German geologist who was a creator of Neptunism, a theory of superposition based on a receding primordial ocean that had deposited all the rocks in the crust.
14.
Angular unconformities had been noted by earlier geologists who interpreted them in terms of Neptunism as " primary formations ", so Hutton wanted to examine such formations himself to look for support for his theory of Plutonism.
15.
Uniformitarianism held the field against the competitor theories of Neptunism and catastrophism, which partook of Romantic science and theological cosmogony; it established itself as the successor of Plutonism, and became the foundation of modern geology.
16.
The emphasis on this initially universal ocean spawned the term " Neptunism " that became applied to the concept and it became virtually synonymous with Wernerian teaching, although Jean-�tienne Guettard in France actually originated the view.
17.
The term "'facies "'was introduced by the Swiss geologist Amanz Gressly in 1838 and was part of his significant contribution to the foundations of modern stratigraphy, which replaced the earlier notions of Neptunism.
18.
Against Neptunism, James Hutton proposed an indefinitely old cycle of eroded rocks being deposited in the sea, consolidated and heaved up by volcanic forces into mountains which in turn eroded, all in natural processes which continue to operate.
19.
He showed that volcanoes fell naturally into linear groups, presumably corresponding with vast subterranean fissures; and by his demonstration of the igneous origin of rocks previously held to be of aqueous formation, he contributed largely to the elimination of erroneous views, such as Neptunism.
20.
Upon his return to England Scrope wrote, in an effort " to put [ his ] views clearly before the world as a contribution to sound knowledge and a step towards the demolition of . . . errors still prevalent " in the theories related to volcanism and Neptunism.
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