May is also a time for spraying against two persistent enemies of the vine : oidium, a common fungus, and mildew.
12.
The species has also been known in the past as " Monilia albicans " and " Oidium albicans ".
13.
The onset of phylloxera and oidium, the twin vineyard plagues of the 19th century, proved disastrous, as carmenere was particularly susceptible.
14.
In 1855 there was an outbreak of oidium which affected wine production, three years after a similar outbreak in the Bordeaux ( France ) region.
15.
In the 1850s Oidium Uncinula necator and war devastated most of Tuscany's vineyards with many peasant farmers leaving for other parts of Italy or to emigrate to the Americas.
16.
Exports were significant as the French vineyards were affected by oidium during the decade 1852 to 1862, and then were struck by the phylloxera virus from 1868 onwards along with the rest of Europe.
17.
The 19th century brought a series of calamities to most wine producing regions of Italy-including the phylloxera epidemic, oidium, downy mildew and the political upheaval of the " Risorgimento ".
18.
In the late 19th century, when diseases _ first oidium, then phylloxera _ destroyed the Chablis vines, the wines were replaced in Paris by cheaper stuff from the Midi, which could be easily transported north by the new railroads.
19.
Between these years he identified 3 more species of fungi " Aspergillus kitaii ", " Flammula carbonaria " var . " spegazziniana ", and " Oidium cyanescens ", and conserved a herbarium with a mycological collection of more than 1500 species.
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