"' Orthovoltage x-rays "'are produced by x-ray tubes operating at voltages in the 200 & ndash; 500 keV range ( see external beam radiotherapy for an explanation of the maximum and mean energies as a function of voltage ).
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In 1982 the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy ( JCRT ), at Harvard Medical School, attempted to reduce the cost of performing IORT in an OR by using orthovoltage X-rays to provide the intraoperative dose, which was similar to the approach used in Germany in 1915.
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In 1965, the modern era of IOERT began in Japan at Kyoto University where patients were treated with electrons generated by a betatron Compared with other forms of IORT such as orthovoltage X-ray beams, electron beams improved IOERT dose distributions, limited penetration beyond the tumor, and delivered the required dose much more rapidly.
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