After returning to Switzerland, W�thrich collaborated with among others nobel laureate Richard R . Ernst on developing the first two-dimensional NMR experiments, and established the nuclear Overhauser effect as a convenient way of measuring distances within proteins.
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Later, Jeener introduced a variant of 2DNMR, today known as Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy ( NOESY ), that gives detailed information about the spin-lattice relaxation matrix, and about the spatial relation between atoms in complex molecules.
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In particular, mechanisms for the microwave-driven DNP processes are categorized into the Overhauser effect ( OE ), the solid-effect ( SE ), the cross-effect ( CE ) and thermal-mixing ( TM ).
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Some examples of two-dimensional NMR experimental techniques exploiting the NOE include rotational frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy ( ROESY ), transferred nuclear Overhauser effect ( TRNOE ), and double pulsed field gradient spin echo NOE ( DPFGSE-NOE ).
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Some examples of two-dimensional NMR experimental techniques exploiting the NOE include rotational frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy ( ROESY ), transferred nuclear Overhauser effect ( TRNOE ), and double pulsed field gradient spin echo NOE ( DPFGSE-NOE ).
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These include correlation spectroscopy ( COSY ) and total coherence transfer spectroscopy ( TOCSY ) to detect through-bond nuclear couplings, and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy ( NOESY ) to detect couplings between nuclei that are close to each other in space.
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From 1951 to 1953, he was a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Illinois, where he developed an important theory on the transfer of spin polarization; once the theory had been confirmed and demonstrated by other scientists, it became known as the Overhauser Effect.
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The mechanisms of nuclear-spin energy-coupling have been extensively characterized and are described in the following articles : Angular momentum coupling, Magnetic dipole dipole interaction, J-coupling, Residual dipolar coupling, Nuclear Overhauser effect, Spin spin relaxation, and Spin saturation transfer.
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This utilizes a container full of hydrogen rich liquids ( commonly kerosene or methanol ) that, when agitated by a direct current ( DC ) or Radio Frequency ( RF ), cause the electrons to become energized and transfer that energy to the protons due to the Overhauser Effect basically turning them into dipole magnets.
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His spectroscopic contributions include the first applications of the NMR nuclear Overhauser effect in structure determination during the ginkgolide studies ( 1967 ), and in particular development of the exciton coupled chirality of organic molecules in solution, an extremely versatile technique applicable to compounds ranging from small molecules to various types of ligand / receptor complexes.
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