The connection between the protocone and the paracone, the major cusps immediately after the anterocone, is located relatively far toward the front.
12.
Both genera have zalambdodont ( V-shaped crests ) and transversely elongated with the paracone and metacone ( cusp ) appressed or connated.
13.
The paracone, one of the main cusps, is quite small; this cusp is more prominent in " N . rufus ".
14.
On the molars, the paracone and metacone are separated and not connate as in " Bemalamdba " and " Harpyodus ".
15.
They are named after their locations, e . g . a paraconule is located between a paracone and a metacone, a hypoconulid is located between a hypoconid and an entoconid.
16.
As in M1, the paracone is connected to the front or middle of the protocone, the mesoloph is well-developed, and the valleys meet at the midline of the tooth.
17.
Specific synapomorphies include a strong precingulum and postcingulum on the upper mollars-which are extended lingually but do not meet around the paracone-three cusps on the lower stylar shelf, an absent metacone and rectangular lower mollars.
18.
However, the shelf is better developed near the paracone cusp in " Afrasia " than in " Afrotarsius ", which makes the ectoflexus ( an invagination in the outer wall of the tooth ) more symmetrical in the former.
19.
On M2, there is no protoflexus ( an indentation in front of the protocone, which on this tooth is the frontmost cusp ) and the valley between the paracone and the mesoloph, the mesoflexus, is not divided into two pieces by a paracone mesoloph connection.
20.
The fourth upper premolar ( P4 ) has not been recorded, but there is a specimen of its cusps ( protocone, paracone, hypocone, and metacone ) and lophs or crests ( protoloph, mesoloph, metaloph, and posteroloph ), separated by synclines or valleys.
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