Peripheral chemoreceptors were identified as necessary to breathing regulation much sooner than their mechanisms for acquiring information from the bloodstream were beginning to be understood.
12.
However, findings tying peripheral chemoreceptors to pregnancy-induced variations in breathing could just be correlational, so further studies are needed to identify the cause behind this relation.
13.
Several studies point to increased circulation of catecholamine or potassium during exercise as a potential effector on peripheral chemoreceptors; however, the specifics of this effect are not yet understood.
14.
In humans, hypoxia is detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid body and aortic body, with the carotid body chemoreceptors being the major mediators of reflex responses to hypoxia.
15.
Increased base rate of hypoxia and hypercapnia occur in pregnant women after gestation week 20, and studies suggest this is due at least in part to changes in peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity.
16.
The difference may actually lie in the cell s metabolism, rather than the AMPK enzyme; peripheral chemoreceptors display very high background rates of oxygen consumption, supported by its dense network of capillaries.
17.
All suggestions of peripheral chemoreceptor involvement conclude that they are not solely accountable for this response, emphasizing that these receptors are only one in a suite of oxygen-sensing cells that can respond in times of stress.
18.
Normal respiration is driven mostly by the levels of carbon dioxide in the arteries, which are detected indirectly by central chemoreceptors when carbon dioxide crosses the blood brain barrier, forming detectable Hydrogen ions, and directly by peripheral chemoreceptors, and very little by the oxygen levels.
19.
A "'glomus cell "'( type I ) is a peripheral chemoreceptor, mainly located in the pCO 2 ), the carotid bodies and the aortic bodies signal the medulla oblongata ( specifically the dorsal inspiratory center in the medulla oblongata ) to increase the volume and rate of breathing.
20.
Circulation of the glucose-promoting hormone, glucagon and a neurotransmitter, norepinephrine, is increased in carotid-and aortic-body-enervated dogs, suggesting that peripheral chemoreceptors respond to low glucose levels in and may respond to other neuroendocrine signals in addition to what is traditionally considered to be their sole role of ventilatory regulation!
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