11. The self-phase modulation -induced spectral broadening is generated in a single-mode optical fiber with a length L. 12. Pre-emphasis is employed in frequency modulation or phase modulation transmitters to equalize the modulating deviation ratio. 13. Other techniques, such as phase modulation or changing the phase of the carrier signal, are also used. 14. The S-band uplinks and downlinks usually ( but not always ) used phase modulation ( PM ). 15. Otherwise, the phase modulation would not work. 16. These observations and others led them to state that self-phase modulation was the dominant effect by some margin. 17. But the second marker ( and data bit ) is always preceded by 100 ms without any phase modulation . 18. Goodman uses this method to derive expressions for the diffraction pattern obtained with sinusoidal amplitude and phase modulation gratings. 19. These synthesizers, which used additive synthesis technology and phase modulation , were bulky and cumbersome, but were state-of-the-art at the time. 20. Later system developments have allowed ForthDD to enter markets such as 3D Optical Metrology and, using phase modulation , Super-resolution microscopy.
