Critics identify the fallacy in arguments for psychological egoism, which proposes that all actions conducted by individuals are motivated by their own self-interest.
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Feinberg observes that such arguments for psychological egoism are rarely mounted on the basis of empirical proof when, being psychological, they very well ought to.
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A related concept in descriptive ethics is psychological egoism, the thesis that humans always act in their own self-interest and that true altruism is impossible.
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Critics have stated that proponents of psychological egoism often confuse the satisfaction of their own desires with the satisfaction of their own " self-regarding " desires.
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Philosopher Mary Midgley responded in 1979 with " Gene-Juggling ", an article arguing that " The Selfish Gene " was about psychological egoism, rather than evolution.
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The theory of psychological egoism suggests that no act of sharing, helping or sacrificing can be described as truly altruistic, as the actor may receive an intrinsic reward in the form of personal gratification.
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A specific form of psychological egoism is "'psychological hedonism "', the view that the ultimate motive for all voluntary human action is the desire to experience pleasure or to avoid pain.
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Many discussions of psychological egoism focus on this type, but the two are not the same : theorists have explained behavior motivated by self-interest without using pleasure and pain as the final causes of behavior.
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Other, less restricted forms of psychological egoism may allow the ultimate goal of a person to include such things as avoiding punishments from oneself or others ( such as guilt or shame ) and attaining rewards ( such as pride, self-worth, power or reciprocal beneficial action ).
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Psychological egoism explains all scenarios entirely in terms of selfish motivations ( e . g ., that acting for one's own purposes is an act of self-interest ); however, critics charge that in doing so they are redefining selfishness to the point where it encompasses all motivated actions and thus makes the term meaningless.
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