This happens at two areas : where the aorta and pulmonary trunk leave the heart and where the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart.
12.
For example, CNCCs are required for the formation of the aorticopulmonary septum ( APS ) that directs cardiac outflow into two tracts : the pulmonary trunk and the aorta of the developing heart.
13.
When pressure within the ventricles drops below pressure in both the pulmonary trunk and aorta, blood flows back toward the heart, producing the dicrotic notch ( small dip ) seen in blood pressure tracings.
14.
As the septum forms, the two lateral thickenings are split, so that the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk have three thickenings each ( an anterior or posterior, and half of each of the lateral thickenings ).
15.
The outflow phase, " ventricular ejection, " is when the intra-ventricular pressure has achieved a higher pressure than the blood in the aorta ( or the pulmonary trunk ), the corresponding semilunar valves open.
16.
In the second phase of ventricular systole, the ventricular ejection phase, the contraction of the ventricular muscle has raised the pressure within the ventricle to the point that it is greater than the pressures in the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.
17.
Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia ( " pseudotruncus arteriosus " ) is a severe variant in which there is complete obstruction ( atresia ) of the right ventricular outflow tract, causing an absence of the pulmonary trunk during embryonic development.
18.
After this happens, cells which have migrated from the neural crest begin to divide the bulbus cordis, the main outflow tract is divided in two by the growth a spiraling septum, becoming the great vessels the ascending segment of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.
19.
Therefore, the numerator of the above equation is the pressure difference between the input to the pulmonary blood circuit ( where the heart's right ventricle connects to the pulmonary trunk ) and the output of the circuit ( which is the input to the left atrium of the heart ).
20.
Pulmonary artery banding is used in a small number of cases of d-TGA, usually when the corrective surgery needs to be delayed, to create an artificial stenosis in order to control pulmonary blood pressure; PAB involves placing a band around the pulmonary trunk, this band can then be quickly and easily adjusted when necessary.
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