When steel engraving was introduced to the art world in the 1820s by Jacob Perkins, in 1824 Turrell received three gold medals from the Society of Arts for his etching fluid, composed of pyroligneous acid, nitric acid, and alcohol.
12.
The by-products can be recovered by passing the off-gases through a series of water to yield so-called wood vinegar ( pyroligneous acid ) and the non-condensible wood gas passes on through the condenser and may be burned to provide heat.
13.
The modern process of carbonizing wood, either in small pieces or as sawdust in cast iron retorts, is extensively practiced where wood is scarce, and also for the recovery of valuable byproducts ( wood spirit, pyroligneous acid, wood tar ), which the process permits.
14.
The fact is that they have produced something here which they say has something of the flavor and properties similar to the curative properties of smoke; they get it out of wood and they get it by distillation and it turns out to be a substance like, if not exactly identical with pyroligneous acid.
15.
In that context, charcoal can be made by numerous and varied methods, from the simplest ( an earth cover on the pile of wood, with strategically placed vents ) to the most sophisticated ( a modern equipment or plant that recuperates and processes strictly all exhaust gases into pyroligneous acid and syngas ).
16.
Pliny mentions a variety of tar-like substances being used as medicine, including " cedria " and " pissinum " . " Cedria " was the pitch and resin of the cedar tree, being equivalent to the oil of tar and pyroligneous acid which are used in the first stage of distilling creosote.
17.
In the nineteenth century, pyroligneous acid was used to prepare an impure aluminium sulfacetate mordant for use with cotton, but the resulting mixture was empyreumatic and Ganswindt recommended its use be abandoned in favour of purer preparations in 1899 . Empyreuma is an obsolete chemical and medical term referring to " the smell and taste associated with burning vegetable and animal matter ."
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