To make the output more stable, the device is designed to keep the quiescent current at or below 100�A, making it possible to ignore the error term in nearly all practical cases.
12.
Quiescent currents in Q16 and Q19 are set by the current mirror Q12 / Q13, which is running at H " 1 mA . Through some mechanism, the collector current in Q19 tracks that standing current.
13.
There is no negative feedback since the emitter voltage does not change at all when the input base voltages change . " he common quiescent current vigorously steers between the two transistors and the output collector voltages vigorously change.
14.
Optimal quiescent current in an amplifier using Sziklai pairs also tends to be much lower than in Darlington-based output stages, on the order of 10mA vs . 100mA or more for some emitter follower output stages.
15.
Power is also dissipated when the electrons from the cathode slam into the anode ( plate ) and heat it; this can occur even in an idle amplifier due to quiescent currents necessary to ensure linearity and low distortion.
16.
The series negative feedback ( the emitter degeneration ) makes the transistors act as voltage stabilizers; it forces them to adjust their V BE voltages ( base currents ) to pass the quiescent current through their collector-emitter junctions.
17.
At the same time, the magnitude of the quiescent current is relatively insensitive to the characteristics of the components Q1 Q4, such as " h " fe, that would otherwise cause temperature dependence or part-to-part variations.
18.
In contrast with classic amplifying stages that are biased from the side of the base ( and so they are highly ?-dependent ), the differential pair is directly biased from the side of the emitters by sinking / injecting the total quiescent current.
19.
The exact choice of "'quiescent current "'( the standing current through both devices when there is no signal ) makes a large difference to the level of distortion ( and to the risk of thermal runaway, that may damage the devices ).
20.
On June 10, 2014, Kevin Hayes was issued U . S . Patent 8, 749, 310 for " amplifier bias control . " This patent covers the only known technique for observing the true underlying quiescent current ( idle current ) of an output tube ( or transistor ) under dynamic signal conditions, and then holding it to the stable target value with a precision of 99 % or better.
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