11. The constraint is usually imposed on random effects , such as E ( v ) = 0. 12. As a demonstration, they set either one or two random effects variances to zero in simulated tests. 13. The Durbin Wu Hausman test is often used to discriminate between the fixed and the random effects model. 14. Genetic drift refers to random effects resulting from chance variation in the genes, environment, or development. 15. In hierarchical generalized linear models, the distributions of random effect u do not necessarily follow normal distribution. 16. Emigration occurs because of the accumulation of random effects on a large number of species with large populations. 17. The margin of error attributable to sampling and other random effects could be 1 percentage point in either direction. 18. A random effect can be present in either of these roles, but the two roles are quite distinct. 19. One of the artifacts, The Black Box, has a random effect which is not revealed to the players. 20. In other words, nested variation is often another way of saying nested random effects or nested sources of noise.
